" We need to translate the HTML content from English to Spanish, preserving tags. Return only the translated HTML. We must translate all visible text, not tags or attributes (class names). Keep HTML tags intact. Let's parse the HTML:

Plains Indian Sign Language

Linguists work hard to try to save many languages from extinction, and one that has come close to that point is Plains Indian Sign Language or PISL. This was once... etc.

The Spread of PISL


PISL’s origins are unknown ...

The earliest recorded instance ...

By 1620, ...

It even spread eastward ...

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We need to translate each text segment. Also there are HTML entities like ’ (right single quotation mark). Should preserve them but translate the surrounding text. We need to keep
tags as they are. Let's translate. First heading: "Plains Indian Sign Language" -> "Lengua de señas india de las llanuras" or "Lengua de señas indígena de las llanuras". Let's choose "Lengua de señas indígena de las llanuras". Keep same case? Original capitalized each word. Spanish title case maybe "Lengua de señas indígena de las llanuras". We'll keep same. Second paragraph: Let's translate. Original: "Linguists work hard to try to save many languages from extinction, and one that has come close to that point is Plains Indian Sign Language or PISL. This was once one of the most widespread languages in the Americas, and its history predates most European variations of sign language. Today, less than 100 people are believed to know it fluently. How did this happen? " Translate: "Los lingüistas trabajan arduamente para intentar salvar muchas lenguas de la extinción, y una que se ha acercado a ese punto es la Lengua de señas indígena de las llanuras o PISL. Esta fue una vez una de las lenguas más extendidas en las Américas, y su historia precede a la mayoría de las variantes europeas de lengua de señas. Hoy se cree que menos de 100 personas la dominan con fluidez. ¿Cómo ocurrió esto?" Make sure to keep punctuation and spaces. Now heading h3: "The Spread of PISL" -> "La difusión de la PISL" or "La expansión de la PISL". Let's use "La expansión de la PISL". Keep same case: "La expansión de la PISL". The original had "The Spread of PISL". We'll translate as "La expansión de la PISL". Keep within . Now the long paragraph with many
tags. We need to translate each segment. First segment:
just line break, no text. Second segment: "PISL’s origins are unknown since no written records exist in the pre-contact days. Some experts claim that signing started in Mexico, where there were many different nations with different languages of their own. Signing was an easy way to facilitate trade and spread information. Signing could also be used when making war or peace." We need to translate, preserving the entity ’ which is apostrophe. So "PISL’s origins are unknown ..." becomes "Los orígenes de la PISL’ son desconocidos..." Wait the apostrophe is part of "PISL's". In Spanish we could say "Los orígenes de la PISL son desconocidos..." but we need to keep the apostrophe entity? The original uses "PISL’s". That's "PISL's". In Spanish we wouldn't use apostrophe. But we must preserve the entity? The instruction says keep all HTML tags intact. The entity is part of text; we can modify text but we could keep the entity if we want to preserve the apostrophe. However we could also remove it; but better to keep as is? The translation may not need the apostrophe; but we could keep "Los orígenes de la PISL’s" would be weird. So we should replace with "Los orígenes de la PISL". The entity can be omitted. The instruction: "Keep all HTML tags intact." Entities are not tags, they are characters. We can change them. So we can just write "Los orígenes de la PISL". Good. Now translate the whole segment: "Los orígenes de la PISL son desconocidos, ya que no existen registros escritos de los días previos al contacto. Algunos expertos afirman que la señas comenzaron en México, donde había muchas naciones diferentes con sus propias lenguas. Señalar era una forma fácil de facilitar el comercio y difundir información. También se podía usar la señas al hacer la guerra o la paz." But we need to keep the same style: "signing" as "la señas"? Actually "signing" is "el uso de señas" or "la comunicación mediante señas". Let's translate as "El uso de señas". Let's produce a natural translation. Let's craft: "Los orígenes de la PISL son desconocidos, ya que no existen registros escritos de la época anterior al contacto. Algunos expertos afirman que el uso de señas comenzó en México, donde había muchas naciones diferentes con sus propias lenguas. Señalar era una manera fácil de facilitar el comercio y difundir información. También se podía usar la señas al hacer la guerra o la paz." But "señalar" is to point; maybe "las señas" as noun. Let's use "las señas". So: "Los orígenes de la PISL son desconocidos, ya que no existen registros escritos de la época anterior al contacto. Algunos expertos afirman que el uso de señas comenzó en México, donde había muchas naciones diferentes con sus propias lenguas. Las señas eran una forma fácil de facilitar el comercio y difundir información. También se podían usar las señas al hacer la guerra o la paz." Now after that there is
and
. Third segment: "The earliest recorded instance of PISL’s use was in 1527 by Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca during his journey through what's now Texas. A more detailed description was made by Francisco Coronado 14 years later. He said that the Comanche could be understood without the need for someone to interpret their words into Spanish. This shows that, even in the 16th Century, PISL was quite commonplace among the nations of what would become the Southwestern United States. By contrast, the first true European sign languages don't appear until 1620." Translate. "The earliest recorded instance of PISL's use was in 1527 by Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca during his journey through what's now Texas." -> "El primer caso registrado del uso de la PISL fue en 1527 por el explorador español Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca durante su viaje por lo que hoy es Texas." "A more detailed description was made by Francisco Coronado 14 years later." -> "Una descripción más detallada la realizó Francisco Coronado 14 años después." "He said that the Comanche could be understood without the need for someone to interpret their words into Spanish." -> "Él dijo que los comanches podían ser comprendidos sin necesidad de que alguien interpretara sus palabras al español." "This shows that, even in the 16th Century, PISL was quite commonplace among the nations of what would become the Southwestern United States." -> "Esto muestra que, incluso en el siglo XVI, la PISL era bastante común entre las naciones que se convertirían en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos." "By contrast, the first true European sign languages don't appear until 1620." -> "En contraste, las primeras verdaderas lenguas de señas europeas no aparecen hasta 1620." Now after that there are

. Next segment: "By 1620, with the spread of the horse from Mexico northwards, the Plains Sign Language had spread to over 30 different nations from the Rio Grande all the way to the modern Northwest Territories in Canada. Once it reached the Crow Nation in the modern Northwest United States, they spread it around and supplanted the Plateau Sign Language that was prevalent in what's now Wyoming, Idaho and Montana." Translate. "By 1620, with the spread of the horse from Mexico northwards, the Plains Sign Language had spread to over 30 different nations from the Rio Grande all the way to the modern Northwest Territories in Canada." -> "Para 1620, con la expansión del caballo desde México hacia el norte, la Lengua de señ

The Decline of PISL

As time went by and White settlement expanded westward, the number of PISL users started to drop. As late as 1885, there were still roughly 110,000 people in the United States that could speak the language. However, the rise of native boarding schools and the severe damage they caused to native languages and cultures effectively decimated PISL. By the 1960s, the number was down to under 1,000 people. Today, it’s only used by a handful of deaf people on some reservations. 

There are, however, attempts to revive the language. Reservation schools and colleges in the West and the Great Plains now have PISL language courses, and these courses are growing in popularity and awareness. The process to revive this endangered treasure of America’s past will be slow, but the evidence shows that PISL can become a widely-used language among Native Americans once again.

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Source: http://www.voanews.com/amp/3794333.html