Plains Indian Sign Language
Linguists work hard to try to save many languages from extinction, and one that has come close to that point is Plains Indian Sign Language or PISL. This was once ... How did this happen?
The Spread of PISL
PISL’s origins are unknown since no written records exist in the pre-contact days. Some experts claim that signing started in Mexico, where there were many different nations ...
The earliest recorded instance of PISL’s use was in 1527 by Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca during his journey through what’s now Texas. A more detailed description was made by Francisco Coronado 14 years later. He said that the Comanche could be understood without the need for someone to interpret ... This shows that, even in the 16th Century, PISL was quite ... By contrast, the first true European sign languages don’t appear until 1620.
By 1620, with the spread ...
It even spread eastward ... In Canada, however, it spread as far east ... In all, over 2/3 of all of North America’s indigenous peoples had a universal sign language ...
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We need to translate all text inside tags, including the line breaks, but they are tags themselves; we keep them. Also need to preserve HTML entities like ’ (apostrophe). Should we keep them? The original uses ’ for apostrophe. We can keep them as is, but we might also translate them accordingly. Usually we keep them unchanged because they are part of the text. However, we need to translate the text, but the apostrophe is part of the word "PISL's". In Italian, we might translate "PISL's origins are unknown" to "Le origini di PISL sono sconosciute". The apostrophe is not needed. But we can keep the entity for apostrophe if we use it. But we can just write the Italian text without apostrophe, but we need to keep HTML entities for apostrophe if we use them. Not required. Better to translate fully, using proper Italian punctuation. Also need to keep the class attributes unchanged. Let's translate each piece. First heading:
Plains Indian Sign Language
Italian translation: "Linguaggio dei Segni dei Piani Indigeni"? Actually "Plains Indian Sign Language" is a proper name; we might keep as "Plains Indian Sign Language" or translate to "Linguaggio dei Segni delle Pianure Indiane". Usually translation may keep original name but we can translate. Let's translate: "Linguaggio dei Segni delle Pianure Indiane". We'll keep as text. Second paragraph:Linguists work hard to try to save many languages from extinction, and one that has come close to that point is Plains Indian Sign Language or PISL. This was once... How did this happen?
Translate: " I linguisti lavorano duramente per cercare di salvare molte lingue dall'estinzione, e una che si è avvicinata a quel punto è il Linguaggio dei Segni delle Pianure Indiane, o PISL. Un tempo era una delle lingue più diffuse nelle Americhe, e la sua storia precede la maggior parte delle varianti europee del linguaggio dei segni. Oggi si ritiene che meno di 100 persone lo conoscano fluentemente. Come è successo?" Need to keep same punctuation and line breaks. But note the original paragraph includes a line break after "How did this happen?" maybe with a non-breaking space. We'll just translate. Third heading:The Spread of PISL
Translate: "La diffusione di PISL" Now the long paragraph with manytags. We need to preserve the
tags exactly as they appear: there is a
then later PISL’s origins ... etc. We need to keep each wrapper for each piece of text. The original uses multiple elements, each containing text and sometimes
tags. We'll preserve the same structure: each with its content. But we can combine them? The instruction: "Keep all HTML tags intact." Means we should not modify the tag structure. So we must keep the same tags as in original:
As time went by and White settlement expanded westward, the number of PISL users started to drop. As late as 1885, there were still roughly 110,000 people in the United States that could speak the language. However, the rise of native boarding schools and the severe damage they caused to native languages and cultures effectively decimated PISL. By the 1960s, the number was down to under 1,000 people. Today, it’s only used by a handful of deaf people on some reservations. You might also enjoy: Ci sono prove scientifiche che le donne che soffrono di più bruciore di stomaco durante la gravidanza hanno bambini con più capelli alla nascita.
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Thus we need to translate the text inside each while preserving the tags.
Let's list the spans:
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2. PISL’s origins are unknown since no written records exist in the pre-contact days. Some experts claim that signing started in Mexico, where there were many different nations with different languages of their own. Signing was an easy way to facilitate trade and spread information. Signing could also be used when making war or peace.
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5. The earliest recorded instance ...
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8. By 1620, with the spread ...
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11. It even spread eastward ...
We need to translate each text.
Let's translate each.
First span is just
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Second span text translation:
Original: "PISL’s origins are unknown since no written records exist in the pre-contact days. Some experts claim that signing started in Mexico, where there were many different nations with different languages of their own. Signing was an easy way to facilitate trade and spread information. Signing could also be used when making war or peace."
Translate to Italian:
"Le origini di PISL sono sconosciute poiché non esistono documenti scritti dei periodi pre-contatto. Alcuni esperti affermano che la lingua dei segni sia iniziata in Messico, dove c'erano molte nazioni diverse con le proprie lingue. Il linguaggio dei segni era un modo semplice per facilitare il commercio e diffondere informazioni. Il linguaggio dei segni poteva anche essere usato in caso di guerra o di pace."
Note: we need to keep the apostrophe entity? Not needed. We'll just write Italian text without special entity.
Third span:
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Fourth span:
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Fifth span text:
Original: "The earliest recorded instance of PISL’s use was in 1527 by Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca during his journey through what's now Texas. A more detailed description was made by Francisco Coronado 14 years later. He said that the Comanche could be understood without the need for someone to interpret their words into Spanish. This shows that, even in the 16th Century, PISL was quite commonplace among the nations of what would become the Southwestern United States. By contrast, the first true European sign languages don't appear until 1620."
Translate:
"La prima testimonianza registrata dell'uso di PISL risale al 1527, quando l'esploratore spagnolo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca la osservò durante il suo viaggio attraverso quello che oggi è il Texas. Una descrizione più dettagliata fu fornita da Francisco Coronado 14 anni dopo. Egli disse che i Comanche potevano essere compresi senza la necessità di un interprete che traducesse le loro parole in spagnolo. Questo dimostra che, già nel XVI secolo, PISL era abbastanza diffuso tra le nazioni che sarebbero poi diventate il Sud‑ovest degli Stati Uniti. Al contrario, le
The Decline of PISL
There are, however, attempts to revive the language. Reservation schools and colleges in the West and the Great Plains now have PISL language courses, and these courses are growing in popularity and awareness. The process to revive this endangered treasure of America’s past will be slow, but the evidence shows that PISL can become a widely-used language among Native Americans once again.
